Integrating factors associated with complex wound healing into a mobile application: Findings from a cohort study.

Complex, chronic or hard-to-heal wounds are a prevalent health problem worldwide, with significant physical, psychological and social consequences. This study aims to identify factors associated with the healing process of these wounds and develop a mobile application for wound care that incorporates these factors. A prospective multicentre cohort study was conducted in nine health units in Portugal, involving data collection through a mobile application by nurses from April to October 2022. The study followed 46 patients with 57 wounds for up to 5 weeks, conducting six evaluations. Healing time was the main outcome measure, analysed using the Mann-Whitney test and three Cox regression models to calculate risk ratios. The study sample comprised various wound types, with pressure ulcers being the most common (61.4%), followed by venous leg ulcers (17.5%) and diabetic foot ulcers (8.8%). Factors that were found to impair the wound healing process included chronic kidney disease (U = 13.50; p = 0.046), obesity (U = 18.0; p = 0.021), non-adherence to treatment (U = 1.0; p = 0.029) and interference of the wound with daily routines (U = 11.0; p = 0.028). Risk factors for delayed healing over time were identified as bone involvement (RR 3.91; p < 0.001), presence of odour (RR 3.36; p = 0.007), presence of neuropathy (RR 2.49; p = 0.002), use of anti-inflammatory drugs (RR 2.45; p = 0.011), stalled wound (RR 2.26; p = 0.022), greater width (RR 2.03; p = 0.002), greater depth (RR 1.72; p = 0.036) and a high score on the healing scale (RR 1.21; p = 0.001). Integrating the identified risk factors for delayed healing into the assessment of patients and incorporating them into a mobile application can enhance decision-making in wound care.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental and physical health and overall wellbeing of university students in Portugal.

Throughout the pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, university students were considered a vulnerable risk group for mental health impairment and wellbeing deterioration. This study aimed at evaluating the pandemic's impact on the physical and mental health and wellbeing among students of a Portuguese university. This cross-sectional study included 913 participants and ran from June to October 2020. Data collected included sociodemographics, three mental health self-report questionnaires (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and Brief COPE) and lifestyle practices (eating and sleeping patterns, media, and entertainment habits) during the first months of the pandemic, which included a 72-day full national lockdown. Descriptive and correlational statistical analysis were conducted. Students' food habits changed during the pandemic, namely on the consumption of snacks and fast food and, overall, less balanced meals became more prevalent. Additionally, almost 70% of the students reported Body Mass Index changes, while 59% went through sleep pattern changes-these were more pronounced in women and younger students. Over half (67%) of the inquirees exhibited an increase in their stress, depression, and generalized anxiety symptoms. Also, the study demonstrates that students' lifestyles trended negatively during the pandemic and highlights how important regular psychological, health monitoring and emotional support is, amongst this somehow overlooked population throughout the pandemic. Universities should provide support to overcome challenges in future stressful situations. This study might have an impact on how universities and higher education systems approach their students in terms of mental and physical health monitoring and promotion in future situations, non-related with COVID. Moreover, it has a large sample of students well characterized in terms of mental and physical health, which might be of interest for future comparison with other worldwide group of students throughout stressful situations, such as tragic events, wars, pandemics.

Contributions of Artificial Intelligence to Decision Making in Nursing: A Scoping Review Protocol.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and methodologies for problem solving are emerging as formal tools essential to assist in nursing care. Given their potential to improve workflows and to guide decision making, several studies have been developed; however, little is known about their impact, particularly on decision making. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to map the existing research on the use of AI in decision making in nursing. With this review protocol, we aimed to map the existing research on the use of AI in nursing decision making. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted following the framework proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). The search strategy was tailored to each database/repository to identify relevant studies. The contained articles were the targets of the data extraction, which was conducted by two independent researchers. In the event of discrepancies, a third researcher was consulted. RESULTS: This review included quantitative, qualitative and mixed method studies. Primary studies, systematic reviews, dissertations, opinion texts and gray literature were considered according to the three steps that the JBI has defined for scoping reviews. CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review synthesized knowledge that could help advance new scientific developments and find significant and valuable outcomes for patients, caregivers and leaders in decision making. This review was also intended to encourage the development of research lines that may be useful for the development of AI tools for decision making.

Contributos para a adaptação face ao surgimento de uma situação de perturbação neurocognitiva na família / Contributions to the family´s adaptation to the onset of a neurocognitive disorder / Contribuciones a la adaptación ante la aparición de una situación de trastorno neurocognitivo en la familia

Resumo Enquadramento: A família é o principal recurso da pessoa que adoece, assumindo-se, os seus constituintes, como cuidadores familiares. Objetivo: Identificar as variáveis que influenciam o impacto da perturbação neurocognitiva nos familiares e caracterizar os cuidadores de pessoas com PNC. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e correlacional, com 262 familiares de pessoas com perturbação neurocognitiva. Resultados: Os cuidadores evidenciam uma associação entre as dimensões impacto emocional (r = 0,526; n = 102; p < 0,01), económica (r = 0,292; n = 102; p < 0,01), procura de suporte (r = 0,279; n = 102; p < 0,01), prestação de cuidados (r = 0,375; n = 102; p < 0,01) com maior sobrecarga percecionada. Entre os membros da família, quanto maior o impacto das relações familiares percebidas, maior o suporte social percebido (r = 0,219; n = 104; p < 0,05); quanto maior o impacto emocional, maior a necessidade de procura de suporte (r = 0,303; n = 104; p < 0,01); e quanto maior o impacto percebido na dimensão económica, maior a necessidade de procura de suporte (r = 0,319; n = 104; p < 0,01). Conclusão: O grau de funcionalidade da família, a dependência da pessoa cuidada, a escolaridade, o género e o grau de parentesco parecem ter influência na adaptação das famílias.

Abstract Background: The family is the main resource of patients, and family members take on the role of family caregivers. Objective: To identify the variables influencing the impact of a neurocognitive disorder (NCD) on family members and characterize the caregivers of people living with a NCD. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive, and correlational study with a sample of 262 family members of people living with a NCD. Results: Caregivers revealed an association between the emotional dimension (r = 0.526; n = 102; p < 0.01), economic dimension (r = 0.292; n = 102; p < 0.01), support-seeking (r = 0.279; n = 102; p < 0.01), the healthcare-seeking dimension (r = 0.375; n = 102; p < 0.01) and a higher perceived burden. Among family members, the greater the impact of perceived family relations, the greater the perceived social support (r = 0.219; n = 104; p < 0.05); the greater the emotional impact, the greater the need to seek support (r = 0.303; n = 104; p < 0.01); and the greater the perceived impact on the economic dimension, the greater the need to seek support (r = 0.319; n = 104; p < 0.01). Conclusion: The family's functioning, the patient's level of dependence, the education level, the gender, and the degree of kinship seem to influence family adaptation.

Resumen Marco contextual: La familia es el principal recurso de la persona que cae enferma y sus miembros se consideran cuidadores familiares. Objetivo: Identificar las variables que influyen en el impacto del trastorno neurocognitivo en los familiares y caracterizar a los cuidadores de personas con PNC. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y correlacional, con 262 familiares de personas con trastorno neurocognitivo. Resultados: Los cuidadores observan una asociación entre las dimensiones impacto emocional (r = 0,526, n = 102, p < 0,01), económica (r = 0,292, n = 102, p < 0,01), búsqueda de apoyo (r = 0,279, n = 102, p < 0,01), prestación de cuidados (r = 0,375, n = 102, p < 0,01) con una mayor carga percibida. Entre los miembros de la familia, cuanto mayor es el impacto de las relaciones familiares percibidas, mayor es el apoyo social percibido (r = 0,219, n = 104, p < 0,05); cuanto mayor es el impacto emocional, mayor es la necesidad de buscar apoyo (r = 0,303, n = 104, p < 0,01), y cuanto mayor es el impacto percibido en la dimensión económica, mayor es la necesidad de buscar apoyo (r = 0,319, n = 104, p < 0,01). Conclusión: El grado de funcionalidad de la familia, la dependencia de la persona cuidada, la educación, el género y el grado de parentesco parecen influir en la adaptación de las familias.

Chronic wound assessment: Cultural and linguistic adaptation for European Portuguese of RESVECH-2 scale.

INTRODUCTION: In order to assess and to follow up the evolution of chronic wounds, it is advisable to apply measurement scales. This procedure allows clinicians to verify the appropriateness of their activities and whether the healing process is evolving as expected. AIM: To conduct a cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric analysis of Portuguese version of RESVECH 2.0. METHODS: A quantitative and correlational study was designed and, to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of RESVECH 2.0, we followed the classic sequential approach for linguistic equivalence to European Portuguese. The study occurred at a Portuguese oncology hospital and the sample encompassed 281 patients with multiple chronic wounds. RESULTS: RESVECH 2.0 is a practical measurement instrument, easy to use, and well accepted by nurses to know all kinds of wounds' etiologies. The reliability test revealed an acceptable internal consistency and high proportion of agreement between two raters assessing the same patient. Construct validity was considered average/good and the principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation obtained six factors corresponding to 59.5% of explained variance. When comparing the domains from RESVECH 2.0 with those from BWAT we found statistically significant correlations. CONCLUSION: The adapted version of RESVECH 2.0 scale presents a good internal consistency and is valid for the Portuguese language and culture, being useful and effective in clinical practice.

Validation of Questionnaire to Assess the Impact of Dementia on the Family.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a questionnaire to assess the impact of dementia on one of the household members. METHODS: Methodological study. The instrument was designed based on literature review, expert opinion, and researchers' experience and then applied to a non-probability convenience sample consisting of 262 family members who live daily with a person with dementia. The construct validity was studied by exploratory factor analysis, principal components method, with varimax rotation of the items. RESULTS: An instrument with 30 items was obtained, distributed in four dimensions: "Emotional dimension," "Economic dimension," "Family relations dimension," and "Support-seeking dimension." Factor analysis revealed a total explained variance of 54.96% and a total Cronbach's alpha of .899. CONCLUSIONS: The instrument presents high internal consistency, grouped into four dimensions, all closely related to the family's adaptation to the onset of dementia in one of its members.

Validation of Questionnaire to Assess the Impact of Dementia on the Family / Validación de encuesta de evaluación del impacto de la demencia en la familia / Validação do questionário de avaliação do impacto da demência na família

ABSTRACT Objective: To validate a questionnaire to assess the impact of dementia on one of the household members. Methods: Methodological study. The instrument was designed based on literature review, expert opinion, and researchers' experience and then applied to a non-probability convenience sample consisting of 262 family members who live daily with a person with dementia. The construct validity was studied by exploratory factor analysis, principal components method, with varimax rotation of the items. Results: An instrument with 30 items was obtained, distributed in four dimensions: "Emotional dimension," "Economic dimension," "Family relations dimension," and "Support-seeking dimension." Factor analysis revealed a total explained variance of 54.96% and a total Cronbach's alpha of .899. Conclusions: The instrument presents high internal consistency, grouped into four dimensions, all closely related to the family's adaptation to the onset of dementia in one of its members.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Validar encuesta de evaluación del impacto de la demencia en uno de los miembros del agregado familiar. Métodos: Estudio metodológico. El instrumento fue construido basado en la revisión de la literatura, opinión de peritos y experiencia de los investigadores y, en seguida, aplicado a una muestra no probabilística de conveniencia constituida por 262 familiares que cohabitan diariamente con una persona con demencia. La validez de constructo fue estudiada por análisis factorial exploratorio, método de los componentes principales, con rotación varimax de los ítems. Resultados: Obtuvo un instrumento con 30 ítems, distribuidos en cuatro dimensiones: "Emocional", "Económica", "Relaciones familiares" y "Búsqueda de soporte". El análisis factorial reveló variancia explicada total de 54.96% y alfa de Cronbach total de .899. Conclusiones: El instrumento presenta consistencia interna elevada agrupándose en cuatro dimensiones, todas íntimamente relacionadas a la adaptación de la familia delante el aparecimiento de la demencia en uno de sus miembros.

RESUMO Objetivo: Validar um questionário de avaliação do impacto da demência num dos membros do agregado familiar. Métodos: Estudo metodológico. O instrumento foi construído, com base na revisão da literatura, na opinião de peritos e na experiência dos investigadores. Foi aplicado a uma amostra não probabilística de conveniência constituída por 262 familiares de pessoas que coabitam diariamente com a pessoa com demência. A validade de constructo foi estudada pela análise fatorial exploratória, método dos componentes principais, com rotação varimax dos itens. Resultados: Obteve-se um instrumento com 30 itens distribuídos por quatro dimensões "Dimensão emocional", "Dimensão económica", "Dimensão relações familiares" e "Dimensão procura de suporte". A análise fatorial revelou uma variância explicada total de 54,96% e um alfa de Cronbach total de ,899. Conclusões: O instrumento apresenta uma consistência interna elevada agrupando-se em quatro dimensões, todas elas intimamente ligadas à adaptação da família ao aparecimento da demência num dos seus membros.

Contributos para uma história da enfermagem de saúde mental e psiquiátrica em Portugal (1883-1885) / Contributions to a history of mental health and psychiatric nursing in Portugal (1883-1885) / Contribuciones a una historia de la enfermería de salud mental y psiquiátrica en Portugal (1883-1885)

Resumo Contexto: O Hospital de Alienados do Conde de Ferreira (HACF) foi vanguardista ao nível da assistência aos alienados no final do século XIX, com base nas novas ideias formadas na Europa sobre a psiquiatria e a assistência nesse domínio. Abordar a temática da enfermagem profissional implica tratar uma história iniciada nos anos de oitocentos; falar dos enfermeiros significa aludir a uma presença que sempre existiu nas instituições de saúde, particularmente nas psiquiátricas. Objetivos: Caraterizar o quotidiano no HACF (1883-1885) e analisar as responsabilidades dos enfermeiros nessa instituição. Metodologia: Enquadramento qualitativo, utilizada uma metodologia de investigação histórica, com pesquisa/análise documental e baseada em pressupostos teóricos de Michel Foucault. Resultados: O HACF foi inaugurado a 24 de março de 1883, no Porto. Os seus funcionários pertenciam a três categorias: direção económica, clínica e culto religioso. O corpo de enfermeiros era composto por criados, ajudantes de enfermeiro, enfermeiros e fiscal, pertencendo à direção clínica. Os enfermeiros eram os chefes das enfermarias, sendo responsáveis pelos ajudantes de enfermeiro e criados. Os enfermeiros, ajudantes de enfermeiro e criados deviam zelar pelo equilíbrio dos alienados e pelo seu bem-estar, gerir o quotidiano das enfermarias, aplicar tratamentos e prevenir complicações. Conclusões: Os enfermeiros desempenhavam um papel de vigilância e controle que lhes permitiu a execução de um biopoder no espaço assistencial do HACF. Tinham responsabilidades específicas e pertenciam a uma estrutura hierárquica. Era a eles que os alienados recorriam em primeira instância, na esfera de um quotidiano bem definido.

Abstract Context: The Hospital de Alienados do Conde de Ferreira (HACF) was avant-garde in the assistance of the alienated in the late nineteenth century, based on the new ideas formed in Europe about psychiatry and assistance in this field. Addressing the theme of professional nursing implies treating a history that began that century; addressing the nurses includes portraying a presence that has always existed in health institutions, particularly in psychiatric ones. Aims: Characterize the daily life in the HACF (1883-1885) and analyze nurse's responsibilities in that institution. Methodology: Qualitative framework, using a historical research methodology, with documentary research/analysis, based on theoretical assumptions of Michel Foucault. Results: The HACF was inaugurated on March 24th, 1883, in Oporto, and its employees belonged to three categories: economic/clinical direction and religious worship. The nursing staff was composed of servants, nurse assistants, nurses and an inspector, belonging to the clinical direction. Nurses were the chiefs of the wards, being responsible for the nurse assistants and servants. Nurses, nurse assistants and servants should ensure the balance of the alienated and their well-being, manage the daily lives of the wards, apply treatments and prevent complications. Conclusions: Nurses presented a role of surveillance and control that allowed them to perform a biopower in the HACF's assistance space. They had specific operational responsibilities and an hierarchical structure, being those to whom the alienated resorted in first instance, within the sphere of a well-defined daily life.

Resumen Contexto: El Hospital de Alienados do Conde de Ferreira (HACF) fue vanguardista en la asistencia a los enajenados a finales del siglo XIX, basado en nuevas ideas formadas en Europa sobre psiquiatría y su asistencia. Abordar el tema de la enfermería profesional implica tratar una historia que empezó en el siglo XIX; hablar de enfermeros significa aludir a una presencia que siempre ha existido en instituciones de salud, particularmente en las psiquiátricas. Objetivos: Caracterizar la vida diaria en el Hospital (1883-1885) y analizar las responsabilidades de los enfermeros en esa institución. Metodología: Estructura cualitativa, utilizada una metodología de investigación histórica, con investigación/análisis documental y basada en supuestos teóricos de Michel Foucault. Resultados: El HACF abrió el 24 de marzo de 1883, en Porto, y sus empleados pertenecían a tres categorías: dirección económica, clínica y culto religioso. El personal de enfermería estaba compuesto por sirvientes, ayudantes de enfermero, enfermeros y inspector, perteneciente a la dirección clínica. Los enfermeros eran los jefes de las enfermerías, responsables de los ayudantes de enfermero y sirvientes. Los enfermeros, ayudantes de enfermero y sirvientes deberían vigilar el equilibrio de los enajenados y su bienestar, gestionar la vida cotidiana de las enfermerías, aplicar tratamientos y prevenir complicaciones. Conclusiones: Los enfermeros asumieron un papel de vigilancia y control que les permitió realizar un biopoder en el espacio de asistencia del hospital. Tenían responsabilidades operativas específicas y pertenecían a una estructura jerárquica. Fue para ellos que los alienados recurrieron en primera instancia, en el ámbito de una vida cotidiana bien definida.

Brazilian guidelines on the frequency of ophthalmic assessment and recommended examinations in healthy children younger than 5 years / Diretrizes brasileiras sobre avaliação oftalmológica de crianças saudáveis menores de 5 anos: exames recomendados e frequência

ABSTRACT Purpose: To provide guidance on the frequency and components of eye examinations for healthy children aged 0 to 5 years. Methods: These guidelines were developed based on the medical literature and clinical experience of an expert committee. PubMed/Medline searches were performed, with selected publications not restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, or observational studies. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation profile was applied when suitable, and for issues without scientific evidence, recommendations were based on expert consensus. Recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Academy of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Ophthalmologists, and Canadian Ophthalmological Society were also reviewed. The final guideline document was approved by the Brazilian Pediatric Ophthalmology Society and by the Brazilian Pediatric Society. Results: Newborns must undergo the red reflex test and inspection of the eyes and adnexa by a pediatrician within 72 hours of life. The red reflex test should be repeated by the pediatrician during childcare consultations at least three times per year during the first 3 years of life. If feasible, a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination may be performed between 6 and 12 months of age. Until 36 months of age, the pediatrician should assess the infant's visual development milestones, age-appropriate assessment of visual function, ocular fixation, and eye alignment. At least one comprehensive ophthalmologic examination should be performed at 3 to 5 years of age. The examination should minimally include inspection of the eyes and adnexa, age-appropriate visual function assessment, evaluations of ocular motility and alignment (cover tests), cycloplegic refraction, and dilated fundus. Conclusions: Guidelines concerning the frequency of ophthalmic assessment are important tools for directing physicians regarding best practices that avoid treatable vision problems that affect children's development, school, and social performance and cause unnecessary permanent vision loss.

RESUMO Objetivo: Fornecer orientações sobre a frequência e os componentes dos exames oftalmológicos para crianças saudáveis de 0 a 5 anos. Métodos: Essas diretrizes foram desenvolvidas com base em revisão bibliográfica e experiência clínica de um comitê de especialistas. Foram realizadas buscas PubMed/Medline; documentos selecionados não se restringiram a revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados e estudos observacionais. Quando adequado, o perfil GRADE foi aplicado para graduá-los e o consenso de especialistas foi usado nos tópicos sem evidência científica. Também foram revisadas as recomendações pela Academia Americana de Pediatria, Associação Americana de Oftalmologia Pediátrica e Estrabismo, Academia Americana de Oftalmologia, Royal College of Ophthalmologist e Sociedade Canadense de Oftalmologia. O documento final foi aprovado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Oftalmologia Pediátrica e Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Resultados: Os recém-nascidos devem ser submetidos ao teste do reflexo vermelho e inspeção dos olhos e anexos pelo pediatra dentro de 72 horas de vida ou antes da alta da maternidade. O teste do reflexo vermelho deve ser repetido pelo pediatra durante as consultas de puericultura pelo menos três vezes ao ano durante os primeiros 3 anos de vida. Se factível, um exame oftalmológico completo pode ser feito entre 6 a 12 meses de vida. Até os 36 meses de idade, os marcos visuais, função visual apropriada para a idade, fixação e alinhamento ocular também devem ser avaliados pelo pediatra ou médico da família. Pelo menos um exame oftalmológico completo deve ser realizados entre 3 e 5 anos de idade. O exame deve conter pelo menos inspeção dos olhos e anexos, avaliação da função visual apropriada para a idade, avaliação da motilidade e alinhamento ocular (testes de cobertura), refração sob cicloplegia e avaliação do fundo de olho dilatado. Conclusões: As diretrizes sobre a frequência da avaliação oftalmológica são ferramentas importantes para orientar os médicos sobre a melhor prática a fim de evitar problemas visuais tratáveis na infância, que poderiam comprometer seu desenvolvimento social, escolar e global, além de causar perda permanente da visão.

Quality provision in hospital markets with demand inertia: The role of patient expectations.

Switching costs and persistent preferences generate demand inertia and link current and future choices of hospital. Using a model of hospital competition with demand inertia, we investigate the effect of patient expectations on quality. We consider three types of expectations. Myopic patients choose a hospital based on current variables alone, forward-looking but naïve patients consider the future but assume that quality remains constant, and forward-looking and rational patients foresee the evolution of quality. We rank quality provision and show that it is higher under naïve than myopic expectations, while quality under rational expectations may be highest or lowest. This result also holds for patients' health gains, suggesting that rationality may hurt patients. Additionally, policies to reduce switching costs lead to lower quality, possibly unless patients are rational and cost substitutability between output and quality is sufficiently strong. Finally, we show how optimal price regulation depends on expectations and switching costs.

Brazilian guidelines on the frequency of ophthalmic assessment and recommended examinations in healthy children younger than 5 years.

PURPOSE: To provide guidance on the frequency and components of eye examinations for healthy children aged 0 to 5 years. METHODS: These guidelines were developed based on the medical literature and clinical experience of an expert committee. PubMed/Medline searches were performed, with selected publications not restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, or observational studies. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation profile was applied when suitable, and for issues without scientific evidence, recommendations were based on expert consensus. Recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Academy of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Ophthalmologists, and Canadian Ophthalmological Society were also reviewed. The final guideline document was approved by the Brazilian Pediatric Ophthalmology Society and by the Brazilian Pediatric Society. RESULTS: Newborns must undergo the red reflex test and inspection of the eyes and adnexa by a pediatrician within 72 hours of life. The red reflex test should be repeated by the pediatrician during childcare consultations at least three times per year during the first 3 years of life. If feasible, a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination may be performed between 6 and 12 months of age. Until 36 months of age, the pediatrician should assess the infant's visual development milestones, age-appropriate assessment of visual function, ocular fixation, and eye alignment. At least one comprehensive ophthalmologic examination should be performed at 3 to 5 years of age. The examination should minimally include inspection of the eyes and adnexa, age-appropriate visual function assessment, evaluations of ocular motility and alignment (cover tests), cycloplegic refraction, and dilated fundus. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines concerning the frequency of ophthalmic assessment are important tools for directing physicians regarding best practices that avoid treatable vision problems that affect children's development, school, and social performance and cause unnecessary permanent vision loss.

Legislar para proteger: Lei Sena, a primeira lei de saúde mental em Portugal (1889) / Legislate to protect: Lei Sena, the first mental health law in Portugal (1889) / Legislar para proteger: Ley Sena, la primera ley de salud mental en Portugal (1889)

Resumo Contexto: A psiquiatria em Portugal ganhou relevo como ciência nos anos de oitocentos, sendo criada legislação importante nesse âmbito e, embora os enfermeiros fossem praticantes da assistência nas diversas instituições de saúde, foi igualmente nessa época que a enfermagem nasceu como profissão. Objetivos: Analisar a lei em apreço; indicar a sua importância no desenvolvimento da psiquiatria e da saúde mental em Portugal; identificar contributos para a história da enfermagem de saúde mental e psiquiátrica portuguesa. Metodologia: Investigação histórica, utilizando-se como fonte a Lei de 4 de julho de 1889, Diário do Governo n.º 155 de 15 de julho de 1889. Resultados: Pretendia-se que a assistência dos alienados em Portugal fosse legislada e organizada, criando-se estruturas próprias para esse efeito. Contudo, as intervenções previstas a nível legislativo nunca foram concretizadas e o país manteve défices na assistência dos alienados até ao final do século XIX. Conclusão: A lei analisada foi importante para o desenvolvimento da saúde mental e da psiquiatria portuguesa, visto ter sido o primeiro documento legal emanado nesse domínio.

Abstract Background: Psychiatry gained ground as a science in the 19th century, in Portugal, and important laws were created in this context. Although nurses were care providers in various health institutions, it was also at this time that nursing was born as a profession. Objectives: To analyze the law presented; to explain its importance in the development of psychiatry and mental health in Portugal; to identify its contributions to the history of Portuguese psychiatric and mental health nursing. Methodology: Historical research, using as source the Law of 4 July 1889, Government Gazette No. 155 of 15 July 1889. Results: In Portugal, there was a need for the legislation and organization of care provision to the insane, creating structures suitable for this purpose. However, the legislative interventions planned were never implemented, and thus poor care was provided to the insane in Portugal until the end of the 19th century. Conclusion: This law was important for the development of mental health and psychiatry in Portugal because it was the first legal document issued in this domain.

Resumen Contexto: La psiquiatría en Portugal se desarrolló como ciencia en el siglo XIX, se creando una importante legislación en esta área y, si bien los enfermeros eran practicantes de asistencia en las instituciones de salud, fue también en ese momento cuando nació la enfermería como profesión. Objetivos: Analizar la ley presentada; mostrar su importancia en el desarrollo de la psiquiatría y de la salud mental en Portugal; identificar contribuciones para la historia de la enfermería de salud mental y psiquiátrica portuguesa. Metodología: Investigación histórica, utilizándose como fuente la Ley del 4 de julio de 1889, Diário do Governo n.º 155 de 15 de julio de 1889. Resultados: Se pretendía legislar y organizar la asistencia de los enajenados en Portugal, mediante la creación de estructuras para tal fin. Sin embargo, las intervenciones previstas a nivel legislativo nunca se llevaron a cabo y el país mantuvo déficits en la asistencia a los enajenados hasta finales del siglo XIX. Conclusíon: La ley analizada fue importante para el desarrollo de la salud mental y la psiquiatría portuguesa, ya que fue el primer documento legal emitido en esta área.

Clinical validation of the nanda-i "caregiver role strain" nursing diagnosis in the context of palliative care / Validación clínica del diagnóstico de enfermería nanda-i "cansancio del rol de cuidador" en el contexto de los cuidados paliativos / Validação clínica do diagnóstico de enfermagem nanda-i "tensão do papel de cuidador" em contexto de cuidados paliativos

ABSTRACT Objective: to clinically validate the defining characteristics of the "Caregiver Role Strain" Nursing diagnosis for caregivers of people in a palliative care situation. Method: a cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive and analytical study. It was developed based on Fehring's Clinical Validation Model and on the diagnostic accuracy measures (sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and Receiver Operating Characteristic curve). The data collection instrument used was a form, applied in 2017 by two nurses to a sample of 111 caregivers of people in a palliative care situation, in Portugal. The caregivers were divided into two groups (with and without the diagnosis), being identified by the simultaneity of three criteria, namely: Zarit Burden Interview values greater than 56; agreement of two nurses about the diagnosis; and caregiver's perception of the presence of signs and symptoms. The defining characteristics were classified as major, secondary and irrelevant, according to the models used. Results: the prevalence of diagnosis was 42.3%. Of the 29 characteristics subjected to the validation process, 9 were considered major, 13 secondary and 7 irrelevant. Ineffective coping, depressive mood, frustration, worsening of previous diseases, stress and fatigue were the characteristics which proved to be more associated with the diagnosis in both analyses. The overall score of the diagnosis was 0.68. Conclusion: the study results contribute to the improvement of the diagnosis, making it more accurate. In addition, they enable better clinical decision in Nursing, allowing nurses to make a diagnostic judgment supported by scientific evidence.

RESUMEN Objetivo: validar clínicamente las características definitorias del diagnóstico de Enfermería "Cansancio del rol de Cuidador de personas en situación de cuidados paliativos". Método: estudio descriptivo y analítico de tipo transversal y naturaleza cuantitativa. Se desarrolló sobre la base del Modelo de Validación Clínica de Fehring y de las medidas de exactitud diagnóstica (sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos y curva Receiver Operating Characteristic). El instrumento para la recolección de dados utilizado fue un formulario, aplicado en el año 2017 por dos enfermeras a una muestra de 111 cuidadores de personas en situación de cuidados paliativos en Portugal. Se dividió a los cuidadores en dos grupos (con y sin el diagnóstico), identificados por la simultaneidad de tres criterios: valores de la escala de Zarit de sobrecarga del cuidador superiores a 56; acuerdo de dos enfermeras acerca del diagnóstico; y percepción del cuidador con respecto a la presencia de señales y síntomas. Las características definitorias se clasificaron como principales, secundarias e irrelevantes, mediante los modelos utilizados. Resultados: la prevalencia del diagnóstico fue del 42,3%. De las 29 características sujetas al proceso de validación, 9 fueron consideradas como principales, 13 como secundarias y 7 como irrelevantes. Afrontamiento poco eficaz, estado de ánimo depresivo, frustración, deterioro de enfermedades previas, estrés y fatiga fueron las características que demostraron mayor asociación con el diagnóstico en ambos análisis. El score global del diagnóstico fue 0,68. Conclusión: los resultados del estudio son útiles para mejorar el diagnóstico, aumentando su exactitud. También hacen posible tomar mejores decisiones clínicas en Enfermería, permitiendo así que los enfermeros tomen determinaciones diagnósticas sobre la base de evidencias científicas.

RESUMO Objetivo: validar clinicamente as características definidoras do diagnóstico de enfermagem "Tensão do Papel de Cuidador da pessoa em situação paliativa". Método: estudo do tipo transversal, de natureza quantitativa, descritivo e analítico. Desenrolou-se ancorado no Modelo de Validação Clínica de Fehring e nas medidas de acurácia diagnóstica (sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos e curva Receiver Operating Characteristic). O instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi um formulário, aplicado por duas enfermeiras, a uma amostra de 111 cuidadores de pessoas em situação paliativa, em Portugal, em 2017. Os cuidadores foram divididos em dois grupos (com e sem diagnóstico), sendo identificados pela simultaneidade de três critérios: valores da escala de sobrecarga do cuidador de Zarit superiores a 56; concordância de duas enfermeiras acerca do diagnóstico; e a percepção do cuidador quanto à presença de sinais e sintomas. Classificaram-se as caraterísticas definidoras em principais, secundárias e irrelevantes, mediante os modelos utilizados. Resultados: a prevalência do diagnóstico foi de 42,3%. Das 29 características sujeitas ao processo de validação, 9 foram consideradas principais, 13 secundárias e 7 irrelevantes. O enfrentamento ineficaz, o humor depressivo, a frustração, o agravamento de doenças prévias, o estresse e a fadiga foram as características que se revelaram mais associadas ao diagnóstico em ambas as análises. O score global do diagnóstico foi de 0,68. Conclusão: os resultados do estudo contribuem para o aprimoramento do diagnóstico, tornando-o mais acurado. Ademais, possibilitam melhor decisão clínica em enfermagem, permitindo aos enfermeiros um juízo diagnóstico apoiado em evidências científicas.

Review of nursing diagnosis validation studies: caregiver role strain.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nursing diagnosis NANDA-I - Caregiver Role Strain validation studies. METHODS: Integrative literature review. Research of studies carried out between 2000 and 2018 with the descriptors: caregivers, nursing diagnosis and validation study in the following databases: Web of Science, EBESCOhost, Scielo Brasil and Portugal, LILACS, RCAAP, CAPES, NANDA-I website, and in the bibliographic references of the articles. Articles in Portuguese, English or Spanish were included. RESULTS: The sample consisted of seven validation studies, with heterogeneity in the methodologies used. The populations where the diagnosis was clinically validated focused on caregivers for the elderly and people with chronic illness. The most prevalent defining characteristics were Stress and Apprehension related to the future. CONCLUSIONS: This diagnosis requires further validation studies among different populations in search of greater accuracy and a reduction in the number of defining characteristics, facilitating the use of taxonomy.

Validação de conteúdo de um instrumento de avaliação do impacto do transtorno neurocognitivo na família / Content validation of an instrument to assess the impact of neurocognitive disorders in the family / Validación de contenido del instrumento para evaluar el impacto del trastorno neurocognitivo en la familia

Enquadramento: O diagnóstico de uma doença crónica e incapacitante implica mudanças profundas na dinâmica familiar, com exigências acrescidas para a prestação dos cuidados de enfermagem à família. Objetivo: Validar o conteúdo da escala de avaliação do impacto do transtorno neurocognitivo na família através de painel Delphi. Metodologia: Foi utilizada a metodologia Delphi, recorrendo-se a um painel de 42 peritos para reunir consensos acerca da pertinência e do conteúdo de um conjunto de itens. A recolha e análise de dados da 1ª ronda decorreu em abril e a 2ª ronda em junho de 2018. Resultados: Dos 86 itens submetidos ao consenso, foram sugeridas adaptações em 10 itens para que ficassem mais claros e de fácil compreensão. A versão final ficou constituída por 68 itens. Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo permitiram encontrar, entre peritos, um consenso que nos permite validar o conteúdo de uma proposta de instrumento de avaliação do impacto do transtorno neurocognitivo na família.

Background: The diagnosis of a chronic and disabling disease implies profound changes in family dynamics, with increased demands for the provision of nursing care to the family. Objectives: To validate the content of the scale to assess the impact of neurocognitive disorder on the family through the Delphi panel. Methodology: The methodology used was the Delphi method, using a panel of 42 experts in the area to gather consensus about the pertinence and content of a set of items. Data collection and analysis in the first round took place at the beginning of April and the second round at the end of June 2018. Results: Of the 86 items presented to experts, adaptations in 10 items were suggested to make them clearer and easier to understand. The final version consists of 68 items. Conclusion: The results of the study made it possible to find, among experts, the consensus that allows validating the content of the proposal for an instrument to assess the impact of neurocognitive disorders in the family.

Marco contextual: El diagnóstico de una enfermedad crónica e incapacitante implica profundos cambios en la dinámica familiar y demanda más cuidados de enfermería para la familia. Objetivo: Validar el contenido de la escala de evaluación del impacto del trastorno neurocognitivo en la familia a través del método Delphi. Metodología: Se utilizó la metodología Delphi y se recurrió a un panel de 42 expertos para lograr un consenso sobre la pertinencia y el contenido de un conjunto de ítems. La recopilación y el análisis de los datos de la primera ronda se llevó a cabo en abril y de la segunda ronda en junio de 2018. Resultados: De los 86 puntos presentados al consenso, se sugirieron adaptaciones en 10 ítems para hacerlos más claros y fáciles de entender. La versión final consistió en 68 ítems. Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio permitieron encontrar, entre los expertos, un consenso que permite validar el contenido de una propuesta de instrumento de evaluación del impacto del trastorno neurocognitivo en la familia.

Review of nursing diagnosis validation studies: caregiver role strain / Revisión de los estudios de validación del diagnóstico de enfermería: cansancio del rol de cuidador / Revisão dos estudos de validação do diagnóstico de enfermagem: tensão do papel de cuidador

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the nursing diagnosis NANDA-I - Caregiver Role Strain validation studies. Methods: Integrative literature review. Research of studies carried out between 2000 and 2018 with the descriptors: caregivers, nursing diagnosis and validation study in the following databases: Web of Science, EBESCOhost, Scielo Brasil and Portugal, LILACS, RCAAP, CAPES, NANDA-I website, and in the bibliographic references of the articles. Articles in Portuguese, English or Spanish were included. Results: The sample consisted of seven validation studies, with heterogeneity in the methodologies used. The populations where the diagnosis was clinically validated focused on caregivers for the elderly and people with chronic illness. The most prevalent defining characteristics were Stress and Apprehension related to the future. Conclusions: This diagnosis requires further validation studies among different populations in search of greater accuracy and a reduction in the number of defining characteristics, facilitating the use of taxonomy.

RESUMEN Objectivo: Analizar los estudios de validación del diagnóstico de enfermería NANDA-I - cansancio del rol de cuidador. Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura. Estudios de investigación llevados a cabo entre 2000 y 2018 con los descriptores: cuidadores, diagnóstico de enfermería y estudio de validación en las bases de datos: Web of Science, EBESCOhost, Scielo Brasil y Portugal, LILACS, RCAAP, CAPES, sítio web de NANDA-I, y en las referencias bibliográficas de los artículos. Se incluyeron artículos en portugués, inglés o español. Resultados: La muestra consistió en siete estudios de validación, se encontró heterogeneidad en las metodologías utilizadas. Las poblaciones donde el diagnóstico fue validado clínicamente se centraron en los cuidadores de ancianos y personas con enfermedades crónicas. Las características definitorias más prevalentes fueron el estrés y la aprensión relacionadas con el futuro. Conclusiones: Este diagnóstico requiere más estudios de validación en diferentes poblaciones con el objetivo de una mayor precisión y una reducción en el número de características definitorias, facilitando el uso de la taxonomía.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os estudos de validação do diagnóstico de enfermagem NANDA-I - Tensão do Papel de Cuidador. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura. Pesquisa de estudos realizados entre 2000 e 2018 com os descritores: cuidadores, diagnóstico de enfermagem e estudo de validação nas bases de dados: Web of Science, EBESCOhost, Scielo Brasil e Portugal, LILACS, RCAAP, CAPES, site da NANDA-I, e nas, referências bibliográficas dos artigos. Foram incluídos artigos em português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída por sete estudos de validação, sendo verificada heterogeneidade nas metodologias utilizadas. As populações onde o diagnóstico foi validado clinicamente centraram-se em cuidadores de idosos e pessoas com doença crónica. As características definidoras mais prevalentes foram o Estresse e a Apreensão relacionada com o futuro. Conclusões: Este diagnóstico necessita outros estudos de validação em diferentes populações visando uma maior acurácia e uma redução do número de características definidoras, facilitando o uso da taxonomia.

Case Report: Borderline tumor and primary peritoneal carcinoma - a rare synchronism.

Ovarian borderline serous tumors present with peritoneal involvement in 20% of cases, either as non-invasive or invasive implants, also known as extraovarian low-grade serous carcinoma. The coexistence of high-grade serous carcinoma is rare, suggesting a synchronous neoplasia with a distinct and independent tumor biology and behavior. We aim to describe a case of a synchronous ovary-peritoneum neoplasia: serous borderline tumor and primary peritoneal high-grade serous carcinoma. A discussion and literature review concerning the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approach is provided.

Dynamic hospital competition under rationing by waiting times.

We develop a dynamic model of hospital competition where (i) waiting times increase if demand exceeds supply; (ii) patients choose a hospital based in part on waiting times; and (iii) hospitals incur waiting time penalties. We show that, whereas policies based on penalties will lead to lower waiting times, policies that promote patient choice will instead lead to higher waiting times. These results are robust to different game-theoretic solution concepts, designs of the hospital penalty structure, and patient utility specifications. Furthermore, waiting time penalties are likely to be more effective in reducing waiting times if they are designed with a linear penalty structure, but the counterproductive effect of patient choice policies is smaller when penalties are convex. These conclusions are partly derived by calibration of our model based on waiting times and elasticities observed in the English NHS for a common treatment (cataract surgery).